Valhalla and the Black Sun
Nazi paganism and the Azov movement in Ukraine
This year, the UK’s Daily Mail published combat footage from “Ukraine’s elite Molot group,” with just a faint watermark. If the emblem was more visible, viewers might have wondered about the significance of the Mjölnir (Thor’s Hammer, or Molot Tora), the “death rune” centered on it, and the pair of lightning bolts in the background. An older emblem of the Molot Group is less subtle, with Thor’s Hammer superimposed over a Black Sun, a Nazi symbol that originated in Hitler’s Germany. A couple months after the Daily Mail feature, the group’s Telegram channel marked half a decade since the death of a 20-year-old nationalist, “Smurf.” It shared an image of him, apparently smiling at the dawn of a neo-Nazi era.
The Molot Group, a little known unit in the famous 3rd Assault Brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, is associated with the Hitlerite “Nord Storm” (NS, a double entendre, also refers to National Socialism), another group affiliated with Ukraine’s most powerful neo-Nazis. The Azov movement created the 3rd Assault Brigade but originated in the notorious “Azov Battalion,” which joined the National Guard of Ukraine (NGU) and became the “Azov Regiment” by 2015 — and the “Azov Brigade” by 2023.
Whereas the NGU Azov Brigade has made an effort to clean up its image, if only to substantiate propaganda about its “evolution” and “depoliticization,” the 3rd Assault Brigade, established in 2022 by NGU Azov veterans, is more open about its Nazism. Many of its units use the Black Sun, and at least a couple use Slavic pagan symbols. Many if not most Ukrainian neo-pagans are possessed with the conviction that their country is actually the ancient Aryan homeland and birthplace of “white civilization.” They appropriated the Black Sun years ago, giving neo-Nazis the excuse that it’s just a pagan symbol, as far as they know.
In August, a neo-Nazi fighter from the NGU Azov Brigade died in eastern Ukraine’s Serebryansky forest. Ivan Vovchanskyi, 33, better known as Veleslav Shipit, served in its 5th battalion, “Lyubart.” Several years ago on the Russian social media platform VK, he reposted an image of a Black Sun, along with the lyrics of a song: “We don’t regret anything — Hitler for a thousand years! There will be no more of you, the answer is cast in steel…” In 2018, he made his Facebook profile picture one of him wearing a shirt with a Nazi eagle, in which an OUN trident replaced the swastika.
Contrary to a popular evidence-free narrative that the NGU Azov unit was eventually “depoliticized” and somehow separated from the broader Azov movement, the latter’s neo-Nazi paramilitary organization “Centuria” formed the Lyubart battalion in 2022. That year, “Veleslav Shipit” read the Bhagavad Gita, an ancient Hindu scripture that describes an epic struggle between warring cousins, which reminded him of the Russia-Ukraine war. Shipit was not your typical Azov fighter, but a “pagan theologian” and “priest” from Lviv. One pagan group that mourned his loss makes amulets for the 3rd Assault Brigade.
My favorite blog, “Events in Ukraine” by Peter Korotaev, published a primer on paganism and Ukrainian neo-Nazis this year. As Peter mentioned, in the summer of 2017, the year that some “experts” say neo-Nazis were purged from the unit, the NGU’s Azov Regiment set up an idol to Perun, the Slavic god of thunder and war.
They did this to celebrate the 1053rd anniversary of a medieval Kievan prince’s “great victory” over the Khazar Khaganate, which had a Turkic elite that converted to Judaism. “This grandiose victory over the Jewish state ranks among the most significant events in Slavic and world history,” said the commander of the Azov Regiment. “The invincible spirit and weapons of the descendants of Perun destroyed the parasitic system.”
According to the NGU Azov website, “Khazaria is a state that for many years led a parasitic way of life, destroyed and plundered the southern lands of Kievan Rus, and destroyed the Slavic people.” This Perun idol was erected on the Azov base near Mariupol to be a sacred site, “where before combat tasks, each fighter could consecrate his weapon and worship the deity, gain strength and invincibility from the shrine for the upcoming battle.”
As the shrine went up, Azov fighters threw up their right arms in a ceremony that involved bloodletting. Maksym Zhorin, the third commander of the Azov Regiment (2016–17), formally left the unit later that year, but remained close to his successor, Denys Prokopenko. They were both members of Azov’s openly neo-Nazi “Borodach Division,” which took group photos at the larger Perun idol on Lysa Hora (Bald Hill) in Kyiv. This site appears to be a point of pilgrimage for many neo-Nazis in Ukraine. At least some of them, like Veleslav Shipit, are true believers.
“Events in Ukraine” also translated an interesting Telegram post from a Russian channel that claimed inside the Azov movement, “there is a hidden competition between proponents of Slavic and Scandinavian mythologies, which, however, does not lead to any external conflicts.” Nordic pagan tattoos are relatively common among Azov fighters, such as the Valknut, Helm of Awe, and Thor’s Hammer. As this Telegram channel noted, the Azov Regiment opened the “Asgard” gym on its base near Mariupol, and the National Corps (political party of the Azov movement) is affiliated with the “Ragnarok” gym in Kyiv. These are just a couple examples.
That being said, I’m not sure about the prevalence of “Odinists,” except that they seem to be obsessed with the TV show Vikings, so I suspect the Scandinavian stuff is more about far-right aesthetics and warrior culture. Slavic neo-pagan tattoos, in particular the Kolovrat (Slavic swastika), are more telling. On the other hand, “Til Valhalla” is not just an expression for many hardcore neo-Nazis, especially in the Azov movement.
On the winter solstice of 2022, the 3rd Assault Brigade hosted the Azov movement’s annual “Day of the Dead” ceremony to honor its fallen fighters. Bohdan Krotevych, the chief of staff of the “depoliticized” NGU Azov unit, also appeared on stage. This time, they burned a huge Viking longboat. “Inside the flame, our fallen symbolically board drakkars to travel to Valhalla,” explained Maksym Zhorin. Oleksii Rains, an Azov publisher and ideologist affiliated with the 3rd Assault Brigade, wrote in his propaganda book, What is AZOV from Ukraine?
VALHALLA IS WAITING: PAGANISM IN AZOV
The significant fascination with the Roman Empire and Ancient Greece at the level of symbols and ritualism makes one wonder to what extent pre-Christian times have any influence on Azov. The best and, in a sense, the only example here is paganism. And not on the level of inspiration, but in the literal sense. There is indeed a practice of alternative beliefs in Azov. … Paganism itself, especially in Ukraine, is neither forbidden nor strange. It is an ancient belief of Ukrainians, and some people even call for making it the main religion in the country today. However, such ideas are not widespread. Paganism today is the religious practice of a few, and among these people are many martial individuals. After their death, their faith promises eternal life and resettlement in Valhalla, which is called Vyriy in the Slavic tradition. This is a kind of paradise afterlife intended exclusively for warriors. The concentration of pagans in Azov is higher than the average for Ukrainian society. However, they are not the majority in the unit. This is a limited number of people who actually practice the religious practices of the ancient Slavs. And those fighters who voluntarily participate in pagan rituals because of their commitment to the cult of warriorism as a kind of subculture. … The [pagan and football hooligan] subculture components also explains the significant popularization of rune symbols among Azov members.
According to Oleksii Rains, the Khorunzha (ideological) service of the NGU Azov unit, named after OUN ideologist Mykola Stsiborskyi, “develops and organizes private mysteries and popularizes rituals among the military” in the tradition of “Patriot of Ukraine,” the paramilitary neo-Nazi organization that spearheaded the Azov Battalion. Furthermore, according to Rains,
The Azov Mysteries … have a religious aesthetic, but they are not religious actions. Rather, it is a specific ritual of a fighting community. It is intended to give the fighters an understanding that they are part of a community with higher principles. Mysteries are organized on various occasions: sending volunteers to the front, honoring the fallen, blessing flags, appointing a new commander, and so on. Many of them are filmed and published online. The process of holding each mystery is agreed upon separately. Most of them take place at night, after sunset. An integral element is the use of fire in the form of torches or large bowls of fire. The high morale of the Azov fighters is supported by their ritualism. Mysteries unite and transform ordinary people into warriors who are ready to die for Ukraine if necessary. … In January 2017, one of these mysteries caused quite a stir, especially among Russians. Several dozen recruits went from Kyiv to the Azov regiment’s base in Mariupol. The action took place at night, and the guys themselves stood in such a way that their formation looked schematically like the Idea of the Nation [Azov] symbol from above. They held torches in their hands. The formation was commanded by one of the khorunzhys dressed in a wolf ’s skin. The image of a werewolf protector is widespread in ancient Ukrainian stories. This element gave the mystery an additional mythological “spice”.
If there is a distinction to be made between the practitioners of Nordic and Slavic paganism in Ukraine, then I think there is at least a third camp worth mentioning: esoteric Hiterlites, such as the hardcore Russian neo-Nazis in the Azov movement who formed the Russian Volunteer Corps that fights for Ukraine. Hence the name of their Hitler-worshipping organization, “Wotanjugend” (Wotan Youth), affiliated with the National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM) band “M8L8TH,” which apparently means “Hitler’s Hammer,” because 88 is a popular Nazi code for “Heil Hitler.” Aleksey Levkin, a Russian neo-Nazi leader of both groups, has organized the “Asgardsrei” NSBM festival in Kyiv, and “Thule Signal” seminars for “educating” Azovites about “Nordic Tradition, raciology, use of small firearms, and Heroic archetypes.”
Kirill Radonskiy, Levkin’s friend from Moscow and a fighter in the Russian Volunteer Corps, is another flavor of esoteric Hitlerite — a synthesis of Hindusim and Nazism. “Dreznica goat,” an anonymous researcher of the Ukrainian far-right, describes Radonskiy as a “big Savitri Devi fan and Yoga instructor for Ukrainian military veterans.” It was probably him who got Veleslav Shipit from the Azov Brigade to read the Bhagavad Gita in 2022. Radonskiy said that his death was a “huge loss for the pagan and traditionalist movement of Ukraine.”
In 2014, when the western media was less gullible about the far-right in Ukraine, an Azov fighter tried to tell a journalist from The Guardian, “the swastika has nothing to do with the Nazis, it was an ancient sun symbol.” For the Azov movement, the pagan stuff is no joke, but as the Empire Never Ended podcast said, their far-right “native faith” is “not particularly ancient, or native, or in some cases even Slavic.” In 1998, the Kyiv Post touched on this phenomenon with an article, “When tryzub meets swastika — ‘Aryan’ Ukrainians resurrect pagan beliefs.”
The native faith, according to believers, has been around for 10,000 years. Native believers worship the elements and the seasons through an arcane hierarchy of symbols. They reject any religious ideas that have been imposed on Ukraine from abroad, writing off the last thousand years of Ukrainian Christian history as an unfortunate aberration in the true scheme of things, in which Ukrainians worship god in their own way.
It therefore seems ironic that the native faith, in the form it is practiced today, was developed not in Ukraine but America, and from many of the same ideas that inspired Hitler’s Third Reich. It began in a Germany recovering from the aftermath of Hitler’s drive for a purified Aryan race, when two Ukrainians met in a camp for displaced persons in Bavaria. They too discussed the Aryan race of white Indo-Europeans, inheritors of the knowledge of the Hindu Veda.
The two Ukrainians, however, had a slightly different interpretation of who the Aryans were. Volodymir Shayan and Lev Sylenko believed that knowledge of the Veda had been brought to Northern India by peoples from the Dnieper river, making Ukraine the birthplace of Indo-European civilization. …
[Some] symbols used by the native faith are not so unique to Ukraine. It is easy to see insidious links with the ideology that inspired Hitler’s Third Reich … and many of the same symbols, including the lightning sign that signified the SS and the swastika (in the reverse direction and with the hooked arms of the cross curved instead of at right-angles).
For this article, the Kyiv Post interviewed Yaroslav Babych, a future founder of the Azov Battalion, who was found hanged in his apartment in 2015. Of the two principal Ukrainian pagan movements, the more peculiar one is the Reformed Ukrainian Native Faith (RUNVira). During the Cold War, Lev Sylenko developed RUNVira in the United States as a monotheistic religion and neo-Nazi cult that praised the Slavic god Dazhbog. The main RUNVira temple, in Glen Spring, New York, is named “Oriyana,” which refers to Ukraine as the Aryan homeland. Patriot of Ukraine ideologist Oleg Odnorozhenko reportedly had the first RUNvira wedding in Ukraine. Yaroslav Babych was also in RUNVira. But this pagan church isn’t exactly compatible with Azov’s pantheon of gods.
Iryna Forostyan is apparently a leader of the largest RUNVira faction, which wrestled legal control of the New York temple in the 1990s. Although based in England since 2017, Forostyan is the longtime head of the Fund for Research of Ancient Civilization (FRAC), which at least used to be active in the United States. In this capacity, during the summer of 2010, Forostyan was the curator of an “Ancient Trypillia: Seven Thousand Years of Spiritual Art” exhibit at the Ukrainian Institute of America in Manhattan. One room, presumably featuring a representation of Trypillian (or “Ukrainian Aryan”) culture, included a table ornament with a very noticeable swastika.
Starting in 2014, Forostyan and the FRAC supported a series of conferences and exhibitions in Kyiv about ancient “Ukrainian” weapons. By 2017, she moved to England, where she led a group called the “Ukrainian Art Frontier.” In 2022, Forostyan and her organizations partnered with the “Prykarpattia Defense Headquarters,” an initiative of the Azov movement in the Ivano-Frankivsk region of western Ukraine. Together, they’ve awarded custom medals to foreign fighters, and fundraised for the Ukrainian military (and probably Azov units).
Halyna Lozko is a more important Ukrainian pagan leader as the spiritual successor of Volodymyr Shayan, and a founder of the Native Faith Association of Ukraine, established in 1998. In November 2020, she attended a presentation of a couple new books from “Orientyr,” a publishing house founded by Mykola Kravchenko (1983–2022), the chief ideologist of the Azov movement.
Lozko was particularly enthusiastic about the one text, “Ancient Scythian Philosophy” by Kravchenko’s deputy Danil Koval, who spoke at the event. Koval, the director of Orientyr, was an NGU Azov veteran and member of the ideological department of the National Corps. About a month later, he lectured Azovites at one of Aleksey Levkin’s “Thule Signal” seminars. Whereas Levkin talked about the history of runes and other “sacred symbolism,” Koval covered the “ancestral home of the Aryans.”
At the start of 2021, Danil Koval said in an interview that his life’s dream is to see the emergence of a strong Ukrainian state and “the revival of the spiritual tradition of Rus-Ukraine” from over 1000 years ago. He also said that if he somehow received a million dollars, he would try to retrieve the Zbruch idol, a 9th century Slavic pagan sculpture in Kraków from present-day western Ukraine. In the coming months, Koval spoke at the 25th anniversary celebration of Halyna Lozko’s magazine, Svarog, and according to her said that “we have plenty of prospects for cooperation.”
Azov ideologists from Patriot of Ukraine have tried to cultivate neo-paganism, or at least a base of support for their movement from that community. Kravchenko and Koval were both leading members of the Patriot of Ukraine, the neo-Nazi manifesto of which said something about “ancient Ukrainian Aryan values, forgotten in modern society.” No wonder this document can be found on an old RUNVira website, another page of which explains that Christians “pray to the Jewish gods.”
For Christians, the holy land is Palestine, the holy river is Jordan, the holy city Jerusalem, God’s chosen nation is Israel. For native believers, the holy land is Ukraine with its core — Tripillia, where our civilization came from; the holy river — the Dnipro and every large or small river that flows through our land; God’s chosen nation is Ukrainian (like every nation, because they are all created by God and endowed with their homeland) … And now we have a result after two thousand years. The Jews, who did not renounce their national religion, multiplied and seized all the gold and power in half the world. … Take the science of Prophet Silenko — RUNVira as a spiritual weapon. Become convinced nationalists to save our people from complete destruction and assimilation, and to pass on the land given to us by God for our descendants.
Kravchenko and Koval’s publishing company Orientyr came out with a book in 2018, Pagans of the Atomic Age by Unabomber enthusiast Valentyn Dolhochub. After Kravchenko’s death, Orientyr was absorbed by Oleksii Rains’ outfit, and the neo-Nazi publisher Marko Melnyk (another NGU Azov veteran) printed a new edition of Pagans of the Atomic Age. According to Dolhochub, he was hanging out with Veleslav Shipit in Kramatorsk just two weeks before Shipit died fighting in Azov’s Lyubart battalion. It appears that he also read the Bhagavad Gita since Russia invaded Ukraine.
Speaking of far-right publishers affiliated with the Azov movement, there is also “Plomin” (Flame), established in 2018. Serhiy Zaikovsky, a founder of the Pomin Publishing House, was “a representative of the intellectual wing of the Native Faith movement of Ukraine.” He was also the main ideologue of Avangard, a neo-Nazi group linked to the Azov movement and Ukraine’s 78th Air Assault Regiment. Avangard, which mourned the death of Ted Kaczynski, the “Unabomber,” produced “Defend Dharma” swastika patches — the perfect accessories for esoteric neo-Nazis like Kirill Radonskiy from the Russian Volunteer Corps.
Avangard’s Zaikovsky was good friends with former Plomin staffer Yulia Fedosiuk, now a leader of the Association of Azovstal Defenders’ Families, which is formally led by the wife of NGU Azov Brigade commander Denys Prokopenko. Fedosiuk has been one of the main faces of the Azov movement in the many delegations that its sent around the world since 2022. Making her second trip to Stanford University in California, Fedosiuk referenced an alt-right meme and esoteric Nazism: “Surf the Kali Yuga.” According to one website, it “essentially means embracing being the bad guy and riding the wave of the dark age and what it might bring.” The Wikipedia page about the aforementioned Savitri Devi says, “She depicted Hitler as a sacrifice for humanity that would lead to the end of the worst World Age, the Kali Yuga, which she believed was induced by the Jews, whom she saw as the powers of evil.”
Before the National Corps, the political party of the Azov movement, there was the Civic Corps (2015–16). Serhii Filimonov, the young head of the Kyiv branch, led a clique of pagan football hooligans that has maintained the Perun idol in the Ukrainian capital, but they eventually parted ways with Azov to form an independent organization, Gonor (Honor). More about them in my next article. As you already know, Yaroslav Babych, the Civic Corps leader who died in 2015, used to be in RUNVira.
In Zaporizhzhia, the Azov movement got involved with Svitovit Pashnik, a local priest of the “Native Faith.” Pashnik’s group, the “Rus’ Orthodox Circle” (RPK, Rusʹke Pravoslavne Kolo), held ceremonies on the nearby island of Khortytsia, and the Patriot of Ukraine held trainings there. According to the RPK website, “A soldier who dies on the battlefield for his Motherland will be included in the heavenly army of Perun.” The Patriot of Ukraine reportedly demonstrated hand-to-hand combat during the RPK’s 2014 summer solstice ceremony on Khortytsia. By 2015, Pashnik started to conduct pagan funerals for Zaporizhzhian fighters of the Azov Regiment and grow close to the local leadership of the Azov Civic Corps, which came to support more RPK ceremonies, such as its 2016 “Feast of Perun.” Mykhailo Piroh, an older leader of the local Civic Corps, joined Pashnik’s Circle, or maybe vice versa.
Dmytro Babych, probably unrelated to Yaroslav, led the Patriot of Ukraine in Zaporizhzhia when Azov forged its ties to Pashnik’s pagan group. Dmytro went by “Velichar Babych” and “Velichar Zaporozhets.” It was said that he started to prepare for war with Russia in 2005. According to an obituary, Babych was “one of the organizers of the theologies and holidays of Rodnovers [‘Native Faith’] on the island of Khortytsia. … He made pendants, symbols and amulets based on archaeological finds.” Zaporizhzhia has reportedly renamed a street after this 41-year-old Nazi pagan warrior, and head of the “special communications service” of the Azov Regiment, who died in Mariupol’s Azovstal complex. Svitovit Pashnik led a funeral ceremony for Babych on Khortytsia.
In 2010, police searched the home of “Velichar Babych” after a homemade bomb planted in an Orthodox church killed an 80-year-old nun and injured numerous people — “the first such crime in the history of Ukraine in an Orthodox church.” In 2022, a Nazi pagan who runs the Azov-affiliated Telegram channel “DUX” bid farewell to his “commander and mentor,” Babych. “We will definitely meet in Viriya [Slavic Valhalla] and you will tell all your stories that you have not told in this life.” This individual — identified by their mutual friend as Danil Koval (“Rusyn”), the former deputy commander of Patriot of Ukraine in Zaporizhzhia— revealed that Babych was behind the bombing after all.
In 2010, he burned down the church of the Moscow Patriarchate in the center of Zaporizhzhia, but he managed to hide his tracks and get rid of evidence so skillfully that the police, even after searching and questioning, could not file a criminal case against him. In the same 2010, he began to gather young Ukrainian right-wingers in Zaporizhzhia, from which in 2011 he created a branch of the Patriot of Ukraine.
Considering the role of far-right nationalists in fighting for the “derussification” of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, there could be a hidden (anti-Christian) agenda among them.
In 2018–19, the government helped to establish a new Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU). The president, Petro Poroshenko, apparently hoped that it would get him re-elected. The job was completed at a ceremony in Istanbul. Poroshenko’s entourage included Yevhen Karas, the leader of the violent neo-Nazi organization “C14.” Karas and his entourage then got a meeting with the archbishop of the new church, which they took credit for helping to create. That year, the journalist Oleksiy Kuzmenko described C14 as “the vanguard of attacks on the [larger] Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine, which they brand the ‘FSB chapter’ in Ukraine.” Oleksandr Voitko, one of the leaders of C14, at least used to be a RUNVira priest.
Parishioners of the rival Orthodox churches recently clashed in St. Michael’s Cathedral in central Cherkasy. At the end of the day, the OCU took over one of the biggest churches in the country. Followers of the Moscow Patriarchate barricaded themselves inside the building, but they were ultimately ejected by their opposition and the police. Yevhen Karas took part in the mobilization of nationalists and apparently the actual takeover of the building too. The Nazi-infested Right Sector movement also took credit for securing the church from “Moscow agents.” According to Dmytro Kukharchuk, a battalion commander of the 3rd Assault Brigade, a veteran of his unit participated as well. Years ago, Kukharchuk opened a gym in Cherkasy with a large Black Sun on the floor, like the Wewelsburg castle that SS leader Heinrich Himmler redesigned.
Azov’s 3rd Assault Brigade, which includes units such as the “elite Molot Group,” is probably the most pagan and neo-Nazi force to be reckoned with in the Ukrainian military. National Corps ideologist Danil Koval, who claimed that his mentor burned down the “Russian” Orthodox church in Zaporizhzhia, is the head of the brigade’s recruitment center in Kyiv. Kyrylo Berkal, who led the ceremony at the Azov Regiment base when the Perun idol went up, is the head of the combat training department of the 3rd Assault Brigade. Maksym Zhorin, the NGU Azov commander in those days, is now the deputy head of the 3rd Assault Brigade.
The commander of this “elite” infantry unit, Andriy Biletsky, is the leader of the Azov movement, which all got started with his Patriot of Ukraine and the Azov Battalion. That movement now includes two brigades and other military units, such as the Kraken Regiment. The latter has its fair share of pagan fighters, and its emblem features a rune that in Ukraine “is used to denote a continuation of the ‘struggle and victory’ of Nazi Germany.”
The 98th Territorial Defense Battalion “Azov-Dnipro,” which had a flag with the same symbol inside of a Slavic swastika, became the 1st Mechanized Battalion of the 3rd Assault Brigade. Serhiy Tishchenko (“Trener”), one of the 98th commanders, leads the engineering unit of Biletsky’s brigade. He is affiliated with openly neo-Nazi Azov groups like Centuria and Nord Storm, and runs a Telegram channel called the “Trener Diaries.” On his Instagram profile, the first thing Tishchenko says about himself is “Ukraine, family, Centuria, RidnaVira [Native Faith]…” Last year, he visited NATO’s headquarters in Poland.
The bass guitar player in Aleksey Levkin’s band M8L8TH has served in the 3rd Assault Brigade, and was an organizer of this past summer’s international neo-Nazi conference (“Nation Europa”) in Lviv, featuring esoteric Hitlerites from Wotanjugend, Avangard, and their pagan friends from the “Albanian Third Position.” Pavlo Komarenko, a founder of the 3rd Assault Brigade’s “Terra” drone unit, spoke at the 2018 “Ukrainian Weapons Biennial” that Iryna Forostyan’s RUNVira group sponsored. One month ago, Svitovit Pashnik’s Circle announced the death of a pagan fighter in the 3rd Assault Brigade from Odessa, and a successful funeral held “according to the native custom.” Pagans of the Atomic Age author Valentyn Dolhochub was there, to guide him to Valhalla, or wherever.
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